The proposer is the person obtaining the life insurance policy on another, and paying the premium. Those who can be proposers of life insurance must have an insurable interest in the person whose life is being insured. They must also meet all the other requirements of life insurance: be a legal US resident (if purchasing the policy in the United States), be financially qualified to take out that amount of coverage and pay the premium, etc.
A proposer of life insurance is also known as the policy owner of the life insurance. I believe you will find a policy owner more commonly used than a policy proposer. One of the most common examples would be an owner different from the insured is with minor life insurance policies. A parent would be the owner or proposer of the life insurance policy of their child. Or a grandparent who wishes to purchase permanent life insurance on their grandchild. In these cases a minor cannot be the owner of their life insurance until they are at least 18 years old and needs an adult as owner or proposer in order to purchase coverage.
Certainly there are a number of reasons to use a separate owner or proposer to purchase life insurance so long as there is an insurable interest.
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Certainly there are a number of reasons to use a separate owner or proposer to purchase life insurance so long as there is an insurable interest.