I am going to assume you are asking about back payments (retroactive) rather than benefits for illness or injury to your back (which may or may not be covered under your critical illness plan).
Most policies have a time limit for filing a claim, usually 6 months but your policy may have a longer or shorter time frame.
If you have a return of premium rider on your critical illness insurance policy, you can claim back critical illness insurance premiums, minus any claims that were paid. Some companies integrate this feature into their policy, so that a policy that is cancelled after a certain length of time will have its premiums are paid back to the policyholder.
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Most policies have a time limit for filing a claim, usually 6 months but your policy may have a longer or shorter time frame.